Hypertension in Different Age Groups: Recognizing and Addressing Different Challenges
In a 6-year autopsy study of 477 individuals who were brought in dead at the Department of the Pathology and Forensic Medicine of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, it was shown that 44% of these deaths were as a result of Hypertensive Heart Disease (HHD). It was also seen that 5% of the HHD death victims were between the ages of 21–30.
Hypertension is a condition where blood pressure remains persistently high, straining the heart and blood vessels due to complex interactions between cardiac output and vascular resistance. It’s a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, stroke, kidney disease, and other health issues. Often referred to as the “silent killer”, the disease gets this alias because it rarely presents with noticeable symptoms. Hence regular blood pressure checks are essential for early detection in all age groups.
Understanding the Age Risk
· Younger Adults (18–39): While hypertension is less common in younger adults, long-term complications could arise from negligence and early detection. Genetics, obesity and unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as smoking, inactivity and diet are major risk factors for hypertension.
For instance, evidence shows that the consumption of commercial energy drinks can lead to an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. This is particularly common among many young people, especially students who consume such products to aid in alertness while studying. It is a risk factor for those with underlying heart conditions or who have hereditary tendencies towards hypertension.
Another serious risk posed is that young adults may not prioritize regular health checks which in turn leads to a delayed diagnosis.
· Middle-Aged Adults (40–59): At this stage, stress, weight gain and hormonal changes are all contributing factors to hypertension. There is a rise in the prevalence of hypertension in this age group and addressing the factors along with regular blood pressure monitoring is crucial for maintaining optimal health.
· Older Adults (60+): A natural part of ageing is when the arteries become stiffened. Hence, there is a greater risk for this age group, especially for people with underlying conditions such as diabetes. Medications may slightly differ for this age group, as there is usually a focus on managing other health conditions concurrently.
The blood pressure ranges for the different health groups also differ. Healthy blood pressure for men of age 18–39 is 119/70 mm Hg and that of women is 110/68 mm Hg. Healthy blood pressure for men of age 40–56 is 124/77 mm Hg and that of women is 122/74 mm Hg. Healthy blood pressure for men of age 60+ is 133/69 mm Hg and that of women is 139/68 mm Hg. This implies that varying blood pressure ranges across age groups emphasize the need for personalized management strategies and age-considerate evaluations.
Addressing the Challenges
Addressing these challenges is important in curbing the “silent killer”. Actionable steps include:
1. Lifestyle Modifications: Maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, managing stress and regularly exercising are crucial for everyone with hypertension, irrespective of their age.
2. Medication Adherence: People who are managing hypertension must comply with the prescription given to them. The major problem with patient compliance usually lies in the skill of the medical personnel, especially the pharmacist, to properly communicate and the potential of the patient to understand the information being passed across. While young people will require guidance on developing a medication routine, older adults might need counsel on managing multiple medications, potential drug-drug interactions, drug-food interactions and appropriate follow-up.
3. Tailored Strategies: Based on the lifestyle of the different age groups, medical professionals must be skilled in the art of adjusting treatment plans to enhance patient compliance.
4. Focus on Preventive Care: Before the onset and exacerbation of any disease condition, there are measures to take that will reduce the risk of developing such a condition. In the case of hypertension, this encompasses regular blood pressure checks, healthy habits, and early intervention, which is a valuable investment in long-term health.
5. Public Awareness Campaigns: Awareness strategies such as social media campaigns and school health programs are crucial to ensure that people of all age groups are not oblivious of the elusive killer that is a major global threat to our sustained existence. World Hypertension Day celebrated every year on the 17th of May is an impactful opportunity to raise awareness and perhaps, blow the whistle on the silent killer. Educational resources and community engagement initiatives promote hypertension awareness and prevention.
As a parting thought, consider this: just like tending to a garden requires nurturing different plants in varied ways, addressing hypertension across different age groups demands tailored approaches. By recognizing the unique challenges each age group faces and implementing targeted interventions, we can cultivate a healthier future where the silent threat of hypertension is silenced, and individuals of all ages thrive with optimal cardiovascular health.
REFERENCES:
1. Nigerian Medical Journal 2019 Jan-Feb; 60(1): 13–16.
